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16 November 1857. Concord, Mass.

Thoreau writes to H.G.O. Blake:

Mr. Blake,—

  You have got the start again. It was I that owed you a letter or two, if I mistake not.

  They make a great ado nowadays about hard times; but I think that the community generally, ministers and all, take a wrong view of the matter, though some of the ministers preaching according to a formula may pretend to take a right one. This general failure, both private and public, is rather occasion for rejoicing, as reminding us whom we have at the helm,—that justice is always done. If our merchants did not most of them fail, and the banks too, my faith in the old laws of the world would be staggered. The statement that ninety-six in a hundred doing such business surely break down is perhaps the sweetest fact that statistics have revealed,—exhilarating as the fragrance of swallows in spring. Does it not say somewhere, “The Lord reigneth, let the earth rejoice”? If thousands are thrown out of employment, it suggests that they were not well employed. Why don’t they take the hint? It is not enough to be industrious; so are the ants. What are you industrious about?

  The merchants and company have long laughed at transcendentalism, high laws, etc., crying “None of your moonshine,” as if they were anchored to something not only definite, but sure and permanent. If there was any institution which was presumed to rest on a solid and secure basis, and more than any other represented this boasted common sense, prudence, and practical talent, it was the bank; and now those very banks are found to be mere reeds shaken by the wind. Scarcely one in the land has kept its promise. It would seem as if you only need live forty years in any age of this world, to see its most promising government become the government of Kansas, and banks nowhere. Not merely the Brook Farm and Fourierite communities, but now the community generally has failed. But there is the moonshine still, serene, beneficent, and unchanged. Hard times, I say, have this value, among others, that they show us what such promises are worth, where the sure banks are. I heard some merchant praised the other day because he had paid some of his debts, though it took nearly all he had (why I’ve done as much as that myself many times, and a little more), and then gone to board. What if he has? I hope he’s got a good boarding place, and can pay for it. It’s not everybody that can. However, in my opinion, it is cheaper to keep house, i.e., if you don’t keep too big a one.

  Men will tell you sometimes that “money’s hard.” That shows it was not made to eat, I say. Only think of a man in this new work, in his log cabin, in the midst of a corn and potato patch, with a sheepfold on one side, talking about money being hard! So are flints hard; there is no alloy in them. What has that to do with his raising his food, cutting his wood (or breaking it), keeping in-doors when it rains, and, if need be, spinning and weaving his clothes? Some of those who sank with the steamer the other day found out that money was heavy too. Think of a man’s priding himself on this kind of wealth, as if it greatly enriched him. As if one struggling in mid-ocean with a bag of gold on his back should gasp out, “I am worth a hundred thousand dollars.” I see them struggling just as ineffectually on dry land, nay, even more hopelessly for, in the former case, rather than sink, they will finally let the bag go; but in the latter they are pretty sure to hold and go down with it. I see them swimming about in their great-coats, collecting their rents, really getting their dues, drinking bitter draught which only increase their thirst, becoming more and more water-logged, till finally they sink plumb down to the bottom. But enough of this.

  Have you ever read Ruskin’s books? If not, I would recommend you to try the second and third volumes (not parts) of his “Modern Painters.” I am now reading the fourth, and have read most of his other books lately. They are singularly good and encouraging, though not without crudeness and bigotry. The themes in the volumes referred to are Infinity, Beauty, Imagination, Love of Nature, etc.,—all treated in a very living manner. I am rather surprised by them. It is remarkable that these things should be said with reference to painting chiefly, rather than literature. The “Seven Lamps of Architecture,” too, is made of good stuff; but, as I remember, there is too much about art in it for me and the Hottentots. We want to know about matters and things in general. Our house is as yet a hut.

  You must have been enriched by your solitary walk over the mountains. I suppose that I feel the same awe when on their summits that many do on entering a church. To see what kind of earth that is on which you have a house and garden somewhere, perchance! It is equal to the lapse of many years. You must ascend a mountain to learn your relation to matter, and so to your own body, for it is at home there, though you are not. It might have been composed there, and will have no farther to go to return to dust there, than in your garden; but your spirit inevitably comes away, and brings your body with it, if it lives. Just as awful really, and as glorious, is your garden. See how I can play my fingers! They are the funniest companions I have ever found. Where did they come from? What strange control I have over them! Who am I? Who are they?—those little peaks—call them Madison, Jefferson, Lafayette. What is the matter? My fingers ten, I say. Why, erelong they may form the top-most crystal of Mount Washington. I go up there to see my body’s cousins. There are some fingers, toes, bowels, etc., that I take an interest in, and therefore I am interested in all their relations.

  Let me suggest a theme for you: to state to yourself precisely and completely what that walk over the mountains amounted to for you,—returning to this essay again and again, until you are satisfied that all that was important in your experience is in it. Give this good reason to yourself for having gone over the mountains, for mankind is ever going over a mountain. Don’t suppose that you can tell it precisely the first dozen times you try, but at ‘em again, especially when, after a sufficient pause, you suspect that you are touching the heart or summit of the matter, reiterate your blows there, and account for the mountain to yourself. Not that the story needs to be long, but it will take a long while to make it short. It did not take very long to get over the mountain, you though; but have you got over it indeed? If you have been to the top of Mount Washington, let me ask, what did you find there? That is the way they prove witnesses, you know. Going up there and being blown on it nothing. We never do much climbing while we are there, but eat our luncheon, etc., very much as at home. It is after we get home that we really go over the mountain, if ever. What did the mountain say? What did the mountain do?

  I keep the mountain anchored off eastward a little way, which I ascend in my dreams both awake and asleep. Its broad base spreads over a village or two, which do not know it; neither does it know them, nor do I when I ascend it. I can see its general outline as plainly now in my mind as that of Wachusett. I do not invent in the least, but state exactly what I see. I find that I go up it when I am light-footed and earnest. It ever smokes like an altar with its sacrifice. I am not aware that a single villager frequents it or knows of it. I keep this mountain to ride instead of a horse.

  Do you not mistake about seeing Moosehead Lake from Mount Washington? That must be about one hundred and twenty miles distant, or nearly twice as far as the Atlantic, which last some doubt if they can see thence. Was it not Umbagog?

  Dr. [Reinhold] Soldier has been lecturing in the vestry in this town on Geography, to Sanborn’s scholars, for several months past, at five P.M.Emerson and Alcott have been to hear him. I was surprised when the former asked me, the other day, if I was not going to dear Dr. Soldier. What, to be sitting in a meeting-house collar at that time of day, when you might possibly be out-doors! I never thought of such a thing. What was the sun made for? If he does not prize daylight, I do. Let him lecture to owls and dormice He must be a wonderful lecturer indeed who can keep me indoords at such an hour, when the night is coming in which no man can walk.

  Are you in want of amusement nowadays? Then play a little at the game of getting a living. There never was anything equal to it. Do it temporarily, though, and don’t sweat. Don’t let this secret out, for I have a design against the Opera. OPERA!! Pass along the exclamations, devil.

  Now is the time to become conversant with your wood-pile (this comes under Wold for the Month), and be sure you put some warmth into it by your mode of getting it. Do not consent to be passively warmed. An intense degree of that is the hotness that is threatened. But a positive warmth within can withstand the fiery furnace, as the vital heat of a living man can withstand the heat that cooks meat.

“The starting point for this one of Thoreau’s many sermons to Blake is the panic of 1857, the worst the country had experienced in a generation.”

(Letters to Harrison Gray Otis Blake ed. Wendell Glick (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 100-104)
16 November 1858. Concord, Mass.

Thoreau writes in his journal:

  P.M.—To Hubbard’s Close . . .

  Methinks the wintergreen, pipsissewa, is our handsomest evergreen, so liquid glossy green and dispersed almost all over the woods . . .

  The church, the state, the school, the magazine, think they are liberal and free! It is the freedom of a prison-yard. I ask only that one fourth part of my honest thoughts be spoken aloud . . .

(Journal, 11:322-329)
16 November 1860. Concord, Mass.

Thoreau writes in his journal:

  P.M.—To Inches Woods . . .

  We next walked across the open land by the road to the high hill northeast of Boxboro Centre . . .

  Frank Brown tells me of a chestnut in his neighborhood nineteen feet and eight (?) inches in circumference at three feet . . . (Journal, 14:241-249).

16 October 1818. Chelmsford, Mass.
Thoreau family moves from Concord to the Proctor house next to the church in Chelmsford (The Days of Henry Thoreau, 11-12). They live there until about April 1821 (Journal, 8:65).
In a journal entry of 7 January 1856, Henry D. Thoreau recalls some events at the house:
  They tell how I swung on a gown [?] on the stairway when I was at Chelmsford. The gown [?] gave way; I fell and fainted, and it took two pails of water to bring me to, for I was remarkable for holding my breath in those cases.  Mother tried to milk the cow which Father took on trial, but she kicked at her and spilt the milk. (They say a dog had bitten her teats.) Proctor laughed at her as a city girl, and then he tried, but the cow kicked him over, and he finished by beating her with his cowhide shoe. Captain Richardson milked her warily, standing up. Father came home, and thought he would brustle right up to her for she needed much to be milked, but suddenly she lifted her leg and struck him fair and square right in the muns, knocked him flat, and broke the bridge of his nose, which shows it yet. He distinctly heard her hoof rattle on his nose. This started the claret, and, without stanching the blood, he at once drove her home to the man he had her of. She ran at some young women by the way, who saved themselves by getting over the wall in haste.

Father complained of the powder in the meetinghouse garret at town meeting, but it did not get moved while we lived there. Here he painted over his old signs for guide-boards, and got a fall when painting Hale’s (?) factory. Here the bladder John was playing with burst on the hearth. The cow came into the entry after pumpkins. I cut my toe, and was knocked over by a hen with chickens, etc., etc.

(Journal, 8:93-94)
William Ellery Channing recalls hearing stories of the Thoreaus’ time in Chelmsford from Thoreau’s mother:
. . . being complained of for taking a knife belonging to another boy, Henry said, I did not take it, and was believed. In a few days the culprit was found out. He then said,I knew all the time who it was. The day it was taken I went to Newton with father. Why did you not say so at the time I did not take it was the reply. At the earlier age of three, being told that he must die, like the men in the catechism, he said, as he came in from coasting, that he did not want to die and go to Heaven, if he could not take his sled with him; the boys said it was not worth a cent, because it was not shod with iron.
(Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist, 18-19)
16 October 1835. Cambridge, Mass.

Thoreau submits an essay on the prompt “What is meant by popular feeling? How are we to know what it is on any subject? Is it less likely to be safe and just than that of the few? Does it cause more harm when left to take its own course than when interfered with?” for a class assignment given him on 2 October.

Thoreau is also given the prompt to his next essay, “Of the feelings with which a laboring man and a scholar are supposed to regard each other’s occupation,” due on 30 October (Thoreau’s Harvard Years, part 2:9; Early Essays and Miscellanies, 23-4).

16 October 1838. Concord, Mass.

Thoreau writes his poems “My Boots”:

Anon with gaping fearlessness they quaff
The dewy nectar with a natural thirst,
Or wet their leathern lungs where cranberries lurk,
With sweeter wine than Chian, Lesbian, or Falernian far.
Theirs was the inward lustre that bespeaks
An open sole—unknowing to exclude
The cheerful day—a worthier glory far
Than that which gilds the outmost rind with darkness visible—
Virtues that fast abide through lapse of years
Rather rubbed in than off.
(Journal, 1:60)
16 October 1842.

Margaret Fuller writes to Ralph Waldo Emerson:

  Apropos to the Italians, I am inclined to suspect H. T. of a grave joke upon my views with his “dauntless infamy.”—There is also abstraction for obstruction, which one would have thought such hacknied Shakespeare might have avoided.—I am a little vexed, having hoped my notice might met the eye of the poet. Henry’s verses read well, but meseems he has spoiled his “Rumors” &c by substituting

And simple truth on every tongue

for all the poems are unsung, or some such line which has the one that gave most character to the original and yet I admire the

tread of high souled men.

(The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 2:90 note)
16 October 1843. Staten Island, N.Y.

Thoreau writes to Lidian Jackson Emerson:

My Dear Friend,

  I promised you some thoughts long ago, but it would be hard to tell whether these are the ones. I suppose that the great questions of Fate, Freewill, Foreknowledge absolute, which used to he discussed in Concord are still unsettled. And here comes Channing with his “Present,” to vex the world again—a rather galvanic movement, I think. However, I like the man all the better, though his schemes the less. I am sorry for his confessions. Faith never makes a confession.

  Have you had the annual berrying party, or sat on the Cliffs a whole day this summer? I suppose the flowers have fared quite as well since I was not there to scoff at them, and the hens without doubt keep up their reputation.

  I have been reading lately what of Quarles’s poetry I could get. He was a contemporary of Herbert, and a kindred spirit. I think you would like him. It is rare to find one who was so much of a poet and so little of an artist. He wrote long poems, almost epics for length, about Jonah, Esther, Job, Samson & Solomon, interspersed with meditations after a quite original plan. Shepherd’s Oracles, Comedies, Romances, Fancies and Meditations—the Quintessence of Meditation, and Enchiridions of Meditations all divine,—and what he calls his Morning Muse, besides prose works as curious as the rest. He was an unwearied Christian and a reformer of some old school withal. Hopelessly quaint, as if he lived all alone and knew nobody but his wife, who appears to have reverenced him. He never doubts his genius;—it is only he and his God in all the world. He uses language sometimes as greatly as Shakspeare, and though there is not much straight grain in him, there is plenty of tough crooked timber. In an age when Herbert is revived, Quarles surely ought not to be forgotten.

  I will copy a few such sentences as I should read to you if there. Mrs Brown too may find some nutriment in them!

  Mrs Emerson must have been sicker than I was aware of, to be confined so long, though they will not say that she is convalescent yet though the Dr pronounces her lungs unaffected.

  How does the Saxon Edith do? Can you tell yet to which school of philosophy she belongs—whether she will be a fair saint of some Christian order, or a follower of Plato and the heathen? Bid Ellen a good night or a good morning from me, and see if she will remember where it comes from. And remember me to Mrs Brown and your mother and Elizabeth Hoar.

Yr friend
Henry.

(The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau, 143-144)
16 October 1848. Concord, Mass.

Ralph Waldo Emerson writes to James Freeman Clarke:

  There is as good & better wine in Concord than any you know however and Henry Thoreau has an admirable lecture which he read to our Lyceum which I think your audience would prize as a quite new cordial (The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 4:119).
16 October 1851. Concord, Mass.

Thoreau writes in his journal:

  The new moon, seen by day, reminds me of a poet’s cheese. Surveying for Loring to-day. Saw the Indian Ditch, so called. A plant newly leaving out, a shrub; looks somewhat, like shad blossom. To-night the spearers are out again.
(Journal, 3:79)

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